International Journal of Contemporary Business Literature
International Journal of Contemporary Business Literature (IJCBL) is published by Research Rise Ltd, at 37 Lansdowne Road, Manchester, England, M8 5SF. International Journal of Contemporary Business Literature (IJCBL) is thrilled to unveil its dynamic online platform, providing a vibrant space for researchers, practitioners, and students to share and delve into the latest trends in Business Management. Our commitment is to propel the understanding of how Contemporary Business Literature reshapes business dynamics, spanning strategy, marketing, finance, and operations. IJCBL invites submissions of original research articles, review papers, case studies, and commentaries that tackle the challenges and opportunities of the digital era, offering innovative solutions to complex business problems. Navigate our user-friendly website to explore a diverse range of scholarly articles, engage in discussions with global scholars, and stay updated by subscribing to our mailing list for the latest publications and events. At the heart of our mission is the belief that research and education drive economic and social progress, with Contemporary Business Literature providing unparalleled opportunities for innovation. IJCBL is dedicated to fostering an open, inclusive culture of knowledge sharing and collaboration, building a community of passionate researchers and practitioners in business and technology. Thank you for visiting our website. IJCBL is excited to see your active participation and contributions. For questions or feedback, please don't hesitate to contact us. Sincerely, International Journal of Contemporary Business Literature
The Activism Equation: CSR’s Influence on Investment Behavior
This article delves into the complex web of connections between CSR and investment behavior. It delves into how business efforts to promote ethics, sustainability, and community involvement impact the way investors act and inspire them to take action. Case studies, present trends, and the effects of CSR on investors' activism and investor attitudes are all highlighted in this paper. This paper's objectives are to (1) examine how (CSR) practices impede investment behavior, (2) determine if brand quality creates the mechanism effect between CSR and investment behavior, and (3) how perceived risk and perceived certainty mediate the link between brand quality and consumer behavior. This study adheres to a quantitative approach by surveying Pakistani investors who invested in a product with a CSR initiative. The respondents were polled through an online questionnaire. The data was then processed using Smart PLS following the Structural Equation Model. Through the mediating influence of brand equity and image, it was feasible to conclude that CSR actions positively affect investor satisfaction. Perceived risk and perceived certainty determine how much of an effect corporate social responsibility has on brand quality.
Copyright (c) 2025 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Quality Control, Safety Practices, and Worker Satisfaction: Evidence from Secretariat Office Building Project in Multan
This study examines the impact of quality control practices, safety practices, and worker satisfaction on project performance in the construction industry, with workplace environment as a mediating factor. the research focuses on the secretariat office building and allied works in Multan, Punjab, Pakistan. A survey questionnaire, based on a five-point likert scale, was distributed among 153 industry professionals, including project managers, construction managers, quality control managers, safety managers, and workers. The collected data were examined using mediation analysis through the process macro for SPSS. The findings of this research reveal that quality control practices and safety practices significantly enhance both the workplace environment and project performance. Worker satisfaction also has a direct positive impact on project performance. However, workplace environment does not significantly mediate the relationship between quality control practices and project performance, nor does it mediate the effect of worker satisfaction on project performance. These results highlight the critical role of quality control and safety practices in improving project outcomes. The study demands the need for construction firms to prioritize structured safety measures and quality assurance processes to increase efficiency, reduce rework, minimize accidents at site and ultimately success in project execution.
Impact of Hospitality Management and Corporate Social Responsibility on Tourism Promotion
This study explored the complex dynamics of the Thailand Tourism Industry, analysing the interaction between Hospitality Management, Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR), Leadership Quality as a mediator, and the resulting influence on Tourism Promotion. The goal was to distinguish the subtle connections between these factors. The study sought to examine the impact of Hospitality Management and CSR on the promotion of tourism, specifically focusing on the mediating effect of Leadership Quality. Data was gathered from managers in the Thailand Tourism Industry through the use of a well-organized questionnaire. The sample consisted of experienced people with substantial expertise in the industry. The findings indicate a strong positive association between Hospitality Management, CSR, Leadership Quality, and Tourism Promotion. The importance of Leadership Quality has been identified as a key factor in enhancing the impact of Hospitality Management and CSR on the promotion of tourism. Ultimately, the study confirms that effective leadership quality plays a crucial role in boosting the influence of hospitality management and CSR on promoting tourism within the Thailand tourism industry.
Hospitality Management, Corporate Social Responsibility, Leadership Qualities, Tourism Promotion.
Copyright (c) 2021 Shazma Razzaq (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Green HRM and Green Innovations: A Mediated Moderation Analysis
Examining the effects of Green Human Resource (GHRM) practices is the aim of this study. The hotel sector in Punjab, Pakistan is implementing environmentally friendly innovations. This research looks at the connection between environmental consciousness and its moderating effects, green creativity, and how it mediates between the two. In light of the increasing global focus on sustainability, it is essential for the hospitality companies, especially in developing nation such as Pakistan, to comprehend how GHRM may foster innovation in ecologically responsible manners. This study applied a quantitative research approach, collecting data through survey-based questionnaires administered to hotel personnel. This research examines the impact of GHRM on Green creativity and innovation in hotel business. This study investigates how GHRM procedures, including recruitment, training, and performance management, cultivate green creativity among employees, thereby propelling the advancement of green innovations in hotel industry operations. The results indicate that GHRM is essential in fostering environmentally sustainable concepts and behaviors by improving employee’s environmental consciousness and problem-solving skills. The research indicates that incorporation of green HR practices fosters more sustainable and innovative solutions in hotel management. This study offers significant insights for hotel managers and policymakers aiming to integrate sustainability into their human resource strategy, so promoting enduring environmental and business success. Within Punjab, the study population consists of hotels of diverse sizes and classification assessments. Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM) was used for the purpose of examining the facts and determining the linked variables, findings from this study contribute to theory and practice by providing proof that Green HRM practices, when coupled with environmental perception, can inspire creative innovation. The results are anticipated to provide actionable insights for managers at hotels, policymakers, and stakeholders aiming to improve sustainable practices in the tourism industry, in accordance with worldwide environmental objectives and national preference in Pakistan
Copyright (c) 2024 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Role of Tourist Perceived Safety in Destination Choice: A Mediation-Moderation Analysis
The present study examines the link between tourist perceived safety (PS) and tourist destination choice. Particularly, the mediator effect of tourist trust and the moderation effect of psychological ownership between tourist trust and tourist’s destination choice has been investigated. The cluster sampling technique has been used for data collection through a self-administered questionnaire. Overall (380) questionnaires were utilized to examine the dataset. Furthermore, this research uses PLS-SEM to examine the data. The results reveal that the direct effect of the safety of facility and equipment elements, PS of the social environment, psychological ownership, and tourist trust is positive and significant in tourist destination choice. However, the direct effects of the PS of human elements and the PS of natural environment elements are insignificant tourist destination choices. Notably, the indirect effect of tourist trust as mediator findings demonstrate that the PS of management elements, PS of the social environment, and PS of facility and equipment essentials with tourist destination choice are significant. Interestingly, the current research results confirm the moderating effect of psychological ownership in tourist destination choice
Green Transformational Leadership and Employee’s Green Creative Behavior: A Moderated Mediation Analysis
The present research devises an indispensable framework to examine how and when creative behavior green can be inculcated in employees by underpinning social learning theory. Accordingly, this research examines the impact of green transformational leadership on green psychological climate that eventually translate into green creative behavior. The scope of this research is further widened by considering green moral identity as a contingency factor. In the current study, we use a quantitative research design with a deductive theory development approach since it has a post-positivist point of view. This study used a single-method quantitative design that employed a time-lagged design to collect data through a survey strategy. The data is collected from the School Education Department Punjab, Pakistan from 365 teachers/respondents. Smart PLS is employed in the present research for analysis. It is noted that there is a positive direct and indirect correlation between green transformational leadership, a green psychological climate, and green creative behavior. This highlights the significance of green transformational leadership in fostering green creative behaviors by fostering a green moral identity in their followers. The cultivation of green moral identity may increase the effectiveness of green transformational leadership in helping followers develop green creative behavior, as evidenced by the strong positive moderating effect of green moral identity on the relationship between green transformational leadership and green psychological climate. This research has important implications for institutes as individuals’ efforts to foster green creative behavior through the development of green moral identity among followers and the culmination of a green psychological climate in the organization.
Copyright (c) 2024 Zakaullah, Syed Ahsan Raza, Maria Saleem, Atta Muhammad, Muhammad Bilal, Faisal Mahmood (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Transgender Entrepreneurship Barriers and Support: A Qualitative Study
The core focus of this study is the exploration of the available barriers and possible support for transgender entrepreneurship in Pakistan. The twenty-five (25) transgender entrepreneur were interviewed, who had quit dancing, acting, begging and commercial sex work and stared a business venture. While employing the grounded theory (qualitative methodology), the finding of the study suggested the transgender entrepreneurs face unique barriers that can hinder their entrepreneurial journey, spanning across six (6) major dimensions including economic, social, legal, educational, market and psychological. On the other hand, the finding also suggest the possible support systems or mechanism, consisting of (6) main domains, including the government and legal support, financial support, non-governmental and non-profits organizational support, community and peer support, market access and visibility support, and finally psychological and emotional support. This article shed light on transgender entrepreneurship in Pakistan and also critical observed the major problems which restricting transgender individuals, to become entrepreneur, and their solutions which can help the transgender community to contribute in the ongoing social and economic progress of this country. The findings of this study also provide direction to the effort and support of government, civil society and none governmental organizations (NGOs) in promoting entrepreneurship among the transgender community of Pakistan. At the end of the study, the limitations and future research direction are discussed.
Copyright (c) 2024 Farhan Qadir, Shafaq Arif Chaudhry (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Navigating Artificial Intelligence and Project Success: Insights from Information Technology Sector in Pakistan
The basic objective of this research is to empirically examine the moderating effect of work environment on the relationship between organizational citizenship behavior, employee empowerment and project success of IT projects in the public and private organizations of Rawalpindi-Islamabad, Pakistan. The research was cross-sectional with a deductive approach; and data collection was done through survey. The research has been based on the target population related to information technology (IT) projects in public and private sector from the twin cities of Rawalpindi and Islamabad, Pakistan. PLS-SEM was employed to examine the data. This study suggests that employees’ OCB and employees’ empowerment (EE) would impact positively on project success given a conducive and healthy environment at workplace. However, the work environment (WE) negatively moderates both the relationships. The behavior of employees plays a vital role in the outcome of any project. This study stipulates that chances of project success (PS) get amplified when employees possess organizational citizenship behavior (OCB) and are appropriately empowered under a set of favorable work environment (WE). While contributory factors of project success related to leadership, management and technical facets have been elaborately studied previously, the relationship of employees’ behavior and their empowerment with project success has scarcely been tested. The findings of this research have theoretical and practical significance and are likely to assist the IT project managers in motivating and empowering their employees and managing the work environment befittingly.
Navigating Success: Synergies between Angel Investors and Human Resources in Enhancing New Venture Performance
The success of newly founded businesses has become a crucial and complex subject in today's unstable markets. Similarly, success of new venture in Pakistan is of the crucial task and its success is quite limited in Pakistan. Initial capital investment is a major challenge in Pakistan. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to examine the effect of business angel on new venture performance (NVP). Therefore, the relationship between business agnel, human capital and NVP was considered. A quantitative approach was followed in which primary data were collected by conducting a survey. Partial Least Square (PLS) was used for data analysis. It is found that business angels have vital contribution to the success of new ventures in Pakistan. The promotion of human capital is possible through business angels leading to an increase in NVP. This study has valuable insights for the people starting new ventures by focusing on business angels and human capital.
Copyright (c) 2023 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Unlocking Student Happiness: Exploring the Nexus of Financial Literacy and Saving among Malaysian Students
The objective of this study is to examine the role of financial planning (FP), general saving of student and saving for unknown future in the level of student happiness. Therefore, the relationship between FP, general saving, saving for unknown future and student happiness is considered. Survey was carried out among the Malaysian university students. Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) was preferred in this study to examine the relationship between FP, general saving of students, saving for unknown future and student happiness. 255 questionnaires were used for data analysis. It is revealed that FP is the essential for effectively managing money for future use. University students desire to obtain the best money management abilities preceding all-day work. Better FP can increase the ability of students for general saving. It also helps to save money for the future to handle any emergency. Therefore, students must focus on better financial planning to increase the level of happiness.
Strategic Threads: Exploring the Interplay between Working Capital Strategies and Financial Performance
Working capital management (WCM) helps organizations with consuming resources, helping organizations with keeping up sufficient cash flow to meet short-term targets and duties. However, companies related to the textile sector of Pakistan are facing the problem of WCM. Despite the improvement in WCM, the companies are facing challenges. The current study examined the role of WCM in financial performance of Pakistani textile companies. Population of the study is SMEs of Pakistan. Questionnaires were used for data collection. To apply cluster sampling, area is divided into provinces, after that the study selected few clusters randomly and the data was collected randomly from all the selected clusters. Smart PLS was used for data analysis. It is found that working capital policy and working capital managing overall has a positive role in enhancing financial performance. Furthermore, controlling the environment plays a moderating role in enhancing financial performance.
Support of Islamic Microfinance for Malaysian Family Businesses: A Moderating Role of Islamic Work Ethics
The purpose of this research was to measure the direct impact of Islamic microfinance and Islamic work ethics on family-owned microenterprises. Furthermore, the moderating role of Islamic work ethics between Islamic microfinance and family-owned microenterprises was also tested. A survey-based questionnaire was used for collection of data. Partial least square – structural equation model (PLS-SEM) was applied for analysis of data. The study found the impact of Islamic microfinance and Islamic work ethics on family-owned microenterprises as significant. The study also found a significant moderating role of Islamic work ethics between Islamic microfinance and family-owned microenterprises. The study contributed significant knowledge into the literature.
Benefits of Investment in Indonesian Stock Market: An Empirical Research using Theory of Planned Behavior Lens
The objective of current research is to measure the correlation between attitude towards investment, subjective norms, perceived behavior control, investment behavior and mutual funds. A Likert scale questionnaire was used and response from 1357 individuals was collected. Smart PLS was used for measurement model assessment and structural model assessment. The correlation between attitude towards investment, subjective norms, perceived behavior control, investment behavior and mutual funds was found significant. Theory of planned behavior was considered significant for mutual funds and investment behavior improvement. The study provides practical recommendations based on the findings.
A Customer Oriented Approach of Financial Decision Making in Pakistan
This research was designed to measure the structural relationship between external hedging, internal hedging, financial risk management, and effective financial decisions. A Likert scale questionnaire was used for data collection. Smart PLS 3 was used for findings of measurement model assessment and structural model assessment. The analysis of data confirmed the relationship between external hedging, internal hedging, financial risk management, and effective financial decisions was significantly accepted. The contribution of this research provide significant insight into the knowledge which is necessary to address the literature gaps. The findings of this research would be helpful to improve the financial decision making of the public.
Unveiling the Influence of Business Angels on New Venture Success: Exploring the Dynamics of Entrepreneurial Finance
The success of new venture is most challenging in Pakistan. Since, in Pakistan, 90% of startups could not get success. Every year, some 300 businesses are formed, but only 10% of them go on to succeed. The purpose of this study is to test the relationships between business angel, entrepreneurial finance, and new venture performance in the SME’s working in Bahawalpur, Pakistan. By using a survey questionnaire, 280 responses were used in data analysis. This study highlighted the positive effect of business angels on venture performance and entrepreneurial finance. Entrepreneurial finance has positive effect on new venture performance. This study provides a theoretical framework for understanding the relationships between business angels, entrepreneurial finance, and new venture performance which is a unique contribution in the field of venturing.
Copyright (c) 2022 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Financial Planning: A Study of University Students in South Punjab
Students’ financial resources come from various sources like parental debt, credit cards and revenue from half-time work are their necessary financial sources. Financial administration abilities and information are expected to support students with the best of their required assets. However, in Pakistan, university students cannot plan financial resources effectively which lead to decrease their level of happiness due to decrease quality of life. To examine the effect of financial planning on student happiness, data were collected through a questionnaire and analyzed by using statistical tools. It is observed that financial planning has a positive role in the promotion of student happiness. It helps to achieve the specific aim of the study and leads to an increase in quality of life. In the same manner, the students who have the art of saving money and investing it in the future, their future is secure financially and they have a good sense of happiness for their future.
Navigating Financial Seas: The Influence of Working Capital Dynamics on SME Textile Sector Performance in Pakistan, Enhanced by Moderating Control Environments
Working capital (WC) is an essential asset to meet the daily working charges, therefore, an appropriate method of WC is a key to guarantee a strong soundness of financial position for the organization. However, Pakistan textile Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) are struggling to implement suitable WC management leading to negative effect on financial performance. To address this issue, this study considered the role of WC management in the financial position of SMEs. Data were collected from textile SMEs in Pakistan and analyzed by using Smart PLS 3. It is observed that WC management has a positive role in the promotion of financial performance. The present study has advanced several practical identifications in connection with WC and relevant management practices in cloth and garments textile sector of SMEs Punjab, Pakistan.
Quantitative Research on Women Empowerment and Microfinance Sector in Pakistan
The study is designed to determine the direct impact of Islamic microfinance on social sustainability, family-owned microenterprises, and economic sustainability. The objective of study was to provide recommendations for the use of Islamic microfinance. Quantitative data was gathered for this research, and structural relationships between the variables were tested. The women were population of the study and statistical evidence were considered for the findings of this research. It was found that the direct impact of Islamic microfinance on social sustainability, family-owned microenterprises, and economic sustainability was significant and accepted. The study filled the gaps in the body of knowledge, and scholarly literature is improved. The future studies are also provided directions to further improve the literature.
Financial Risk Management: A Research on Abu Dhabi Banking Sector
The goal of this study is the investigation into the complex relationships between external and internal hedging strategies, effective financial decision-making processes, and the transformative impact of Fintech adoption within financial institutions. Quantitative data was collected and Smart PLS 3 was used for analysis of data. The study found that relationships between external and internal hedging strategies, effective financial decision-making processes, and the transformative impact of Fintech adoption within financial institutions were significant. The study has novelty as previous studies ignored the empirical evidence for these relationships. Theoretical and practical, the contribution of current research is remarkable.
A Structural Relationship between Investment Behavior and Mutual Funds in Pakistan
The research was conducted to analyze the mediating role of mutual funds between attitude towards investment, subjective norm, perceived behavior control and investment behavior in Pakistan. A self-administered questionnaire was survey for quantitative data collection. Partial least square – structural equation model was used for the findings of research. Statistical analysis was performed, and the study found that mutual findings significantly mediates between attitude towards investment and investment behavior. Secondly, it was found that mutual findings significantly mediates between subjective norms and investment behavior. Finally, the research found that mutual findings significantly mediates between perceived behavior control and investment behavior. The theoretical and practical significance of the study are also highlighted.
Business Sustainability and Consumer Satisfaction: A Critical Role of Digital Business and Digital Services
This study examined the crucial significance of digital business and digital services in improving corporate sustainability by facilitating consumer happiness. The study concentrated on the banking industry in South Korea, with bank managers participating as respondents. A study utilised a quantitative method called structural equation modelling (SEM) to examine the connections among digital banking, consumer satisfaction (acting as a mediator variable), and business viability. The findings demonstrated a substantial and favourable impact of digital banking on the long-term viability of businesses. Consumer satisfaction played a vital role in bridging the gap between digital initiatives and long-term success by properly mediating this link. The findings indicate that South Korean banks can enhance their profitability, market competitiveness, and overall financial stability by giving priority to digitisation efforts and simultaneously promoting favourable consumer experiences. This study adds to the current body of research by providing empirical evidence of the mediating effect of consumer happiness in the relationship between digital business and sustainability in the banking industry. The findings provide useful insights for bank managers who aim to utilise digital transformation to improve customer satisfaction and achieve long-term corporate growth.
Copyright (c) 2021 Muhammad Naeem Shahid, Shahid Mehmood (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Role of Employee Training and Financial Efficiency in Financial Improvement: A Role of Digital Finance
The objective of this study was to examine the impact of staff training and financial efficiency on financial progress, with the utilisation of digital finance as a mediator inside the Pakistani banking sector in Punjab. A quantitative methodology was utilised, involving the distribution of a survey questionnaire to a sample of 250 bank workers. The data analysis utilised structural equation modelling (SEM) to evaluate the proposed correlations. The results unveiled a notable and favourable correlation between employee training and financial enhancement. Likewise, there was a clear and direct correlation between financial efficiency and financial improvement. Moreover, digital finance played a role in partially mediating the connection between employee training and financial enhancement. This suggests that better employee training promotes increased financial effectiveness, ultimately resulting in financial improvement. To summarise, the key variables that contribute to financial improvement in banks in Punjab, Pakistan, are employee training and financial efficiency. Moreover, digital finance acted as an intermediary mechanism, emphasising its capacity to enhance the beneficial impacts of staff training on financial performance. These findings support the idea of allocating more resources to employee training programmes and further incorporating digital financial technologies into the Pakistani banking sector to enhance financial progress.
Copyright (c) 2021 Darpan Tripathi, Ibrar Khan (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Online Business Improvement with Supply Chain Management, Service Quality, Consumer Feedback and Digital Currency
This study sought to examine the influence of service quality, supply chain management, digital currency, and user feedback on the online business performance of Business Administrators in Indonesia. An extensive survey was carried out, specifically targeting a sample of Business Administrators in Indonesia. The survey questionnaire consisted of verified indicators for service quality, supply chain management, digital currency integration, consumer feedback, and online business success. Data was collected through the administration of structured interviews and the distribution of questionnaires. The investigation uncovered a notable and positive association between service quality, effective supply chain management, extensive use of digital money, good consumer feedback, and improved online business outcomes for Business Administrators in Indonesia. Significantly, organisations that strategically utilised these criteria observed substantial enhancements in their online operations. The current study’s findings highlight the significant impact of service quality, supply chain efficiency, digital currency acceptance, and user feedback on enhancing the performance of online enterprises among Indonesian Business Administrators. This research provides significant insights for practitioners aiming to optimise these characteristics for long-term success in the ever-changing online business environment.
Copyright (c) 2021 Shoaib Imtiaz, Nafeesa Hassan, Syed Arsalan Haider Rizvi (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Product Promotion: A Role of Human Resource Management, Corporate Social Responsibility, and Marketing Planning
This research examined the influence of Human Resource Management (HRM), Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR), and Marketing Planning on Product Promotion, with a specific focus on Human Resource Managers in Pakistan. A thorough investigation was carried out, specifically focusing on Human Resource Managers from several sectors in Pakistan. The research approach incorporated structured questionnaires that utilised Likert scales to evaluate the perceived impact of HRM practices, CSR activities, and Marketing Planning on Product Promotion. The study showed a strong and positive connection between effective HRM strategies, proactive CSR activities, well-developed Marketing Planning, and successful Product Promotion among the Human Resource Managers who were surveyed. The findings revealed that organisations that implemented integrated strategies in these domains tended to observe increased product visibility and promotion. Our study highlights the crucial significance of Human Resource Management, Corporate Social Responsibility, and Marketing Planning in promoting Product Promotion. These insights enhance our understanding of how organisational strategies and product promotion outcomes interact, providing useful implications for practitioners and future research.
Copyright (c) 2021 Areeba Khan (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Manufacturing Improvement with Open Innovation: A Case of Malaysian Firms
This study examined the relationship between open innovation, managerial practices, sustainable policies, and manufacturing improvement in Malaysian enterprises. The aim was to determine the influence of open innovation and management practices on sustainable policy, hence affecting manufacturing enhancement. This study conducted a survey among employees of manufacturing enterprises in Malaysia using a rigorous approach. The findings demonstrated a notable and favourable association between open innovation, proficient management techniques, and the development of enduring policies. Sustainable policies were vital in facilitating industrial enhancement by acting as a crucial intermediary. The results of our research highlight the essential importance of strategic management and innovative methods in establishing policies that promote sustainability, ultimately leading to beneficial transformations in the manufacturing industry. Ultimately, this research provides an essential understanding of the interrelated dynamics of open innovation, managerial practices, sustainable policy, and manufacturing development in Malaysian enterprises.
Copyright (c) 2021 Nimra Razzaq, Hafiza Aamna Waheed Sheikh (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0